Overview
Peripheral edema represents accumulation of interstitial fluid and may arise from increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, sodium retention, or altered lymphatic drainage.
Cardiac Causes
Right-sided or biventricular heart failure may cause dependent edema, elevated JVP, hepatomegaly, and weight gain.
Differential Diagnosis
Other causes include chronic venous disease, renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, liver disease, hypothyroidism, and medications.
Unilateral swelling should prompt consideration of local venous or lymphatic disease.
Investigation
Evaluation may include renal and liver function, urine testing, albumin, ECG, natriuretic peptides, venous ultrasound, or echocardiography depending on the clinical context.
Clinical Pearls
Bilateral edema with raised JVP strongly suggests systemic venous congestion, while unilateral edema requires a more local differential.
END OF REVIEW
Test your knowledge →